Preface
Note on Citations
1. Constitutional Struggles
-The Elements of Constitutionalism
-The Doctrine of Separated Powers
-Implied Powers
-Custom and Acquiescence
2. Appointment Powers
-Basic Principles
-The Power to Nominate
-Senate Advice and Consent
-Recess Appointments
-Temporary Appointments
3. Theory in a Crucible: The Removal Power
-The "Decision of 1789"
-Controversies from Jackson to Cleveland
-Court Interpretations: 1789 to 1926
-The Myers Case and Its Progeny
-Independent Commissions
-Disloyalty Dismissals and Procedural Safeguards
-Removal Actions from Nixon to Bush I
-Clinton’s Travelgate
-George W. Bush
-The Congressional Presence
4. Legislative Powers
-Delegation
-Checks on Delegated Power
-Domain of Foreign Policy
-Nonstatutory Controls
-Administrative Legislation
5. Vetoes: Presidential and Legislative
-The Presidential Veto
-Signing Statements
-Pocket Vetoes
-The Item Veto
-The Legislative Veto
-Chadha and Beyond
6. Power over Knowledge: Seeing and Withholding Information
-Congressional Investigations
-The Speech or Debate Clause
-Presidential Immunity
-Impeachment
-Executive Privilege
7. The Power of the Purse
-Constitutional Limitations
-Presidential Responsibility for Estimates
-Congressional Revision of Estimates
-Impact of the 1974 Budget Act
-Secret Spending
-Combining Purse and Sword: The Iran-Contra Affair
8. Treaties and Executive Agreements
-Treaties
-The Role of the House
-Treaty Termination
-Treaty Reinterpretation
-Executive Agreements
9. The War Power
-Commander in Chief
-Emergency Powers
-Life-and-Property Actions
-Delegated Emergency Powers
-Contemporary War Powers
-The War Powers Resolutions
-Military Initiatives from Ford to Clinton
-Terrorist Attacks of 9/11
-The Politics of Comity
10. Conclusion
Appendix: The Constitution of the United States of America (Selections)
Suggested Readings
Index of Cases
Subject Index