Preface
Note on Citations
1. The Constitutional Framework
-The British Models-Opposing Monarchical Powers
-Associated War Powers
-Repelling Sudden Attacks
-Separating Purse and Sword
-Commander in Chief
-Scholarly Analysis
2. Precedents from 1789
-1900-Indian Wars
-President as “Sole Organ”
-The Whiskey Rebellion
-Quasi-War with France
-Neutrality Act Prosecutions
-The “Little Sarah” Incident
-Barbary Wars
-The War of 1812
-The Mexican War
-Bombarding Greytown
-The Civil War
-Spanish-American War
3. America Steps Out: 1900-1945
-Protecting Life and Property-President Wilson's Forays
-Intervention in Nicaragua
-World War I
-The Curtiss-Wright Case
-Legislative Contraints in the 1930s
-World War II
4. The UN Charter and Korea
-The League of Nations-Creating the UN Charter
-The UN Participation Act
-Vandenberg Resolution
-The Korean War
-Political Repercussions
5. Taking Stock: 1951-1964
-Mutual Security Treaties-NATO’s Legislative History
-The “Great Debate” in 1951
-The Steel Seizure Case
-Eisenhower’s Philosophy
-Area Resolutions
-Kennedy Reasserts Executive Power
6. Vietnam and the War Powers Resolutions
-Gulf of Tonkin Resolution-Escalation of the War
-Free World Forces
-National Commitments Resolution in 1969
-Disputes in Courts
-The War Powers Resolution Strengths and Weaknesses
-Efforts to Amend the WPR
7. Military Initiatives from Ford to Bush I
-Evacuations from Southeast Asia-The Mayaguez Capture
-Desert One Rescue Effort
-Lebanon
-Invasion of Grenada
-AIr Strikes against Libya
-Escort Operations in the Persan Gulf
-Panama
-The Gulf War
8. Military Actions by Clinton
-Launching Missiles against Baghdad-Combat Operations in Somalia
-Troops to Haiti
-Air Strikes in Bosnia
-Ground Troops to Bosnia
-Continued Strikes against Iraq
-Afghanistan and Sudan
-War against Yugoslavia
9. George W. Bush
-The Preemption Doctrine-Military Tribunals
-Military Action in Afghanistan
-War against Iraq
-Making the Case for War against Iraq
-Enlisting Legislative Support
-Unsubstantiated Executive Claims
-Voting on the Iraq Resolution
-After Military Victory
-Doctoring Intelligence Reports
10. Barack Obama
-Closing Guantanamo-Withdrawing U.S. Troops from Iraq
-Options in Afghanistan
-Military Intervention in Libya
-Invoking the State Secrets Privilege
-Electronic Surveillance
-Military Detention without Trial
-Targeted Killings
11. Covert Operations
-Seeds of Secrecy-Early Departures from Openness
-The Intelligence Community
-Statutory Controls of the CIA
-Covert Action in the Open
-The Iran-Contra Affair
-Congressional Reforms
-Actions against Terrorism
12. Restoring Checks and Balances
-Contemporary Justifications-Jackson’s Zone of Twilight
-Revisiting War Powers
-Consultation
-A Forbidden Legislative Veto?
-Compelling Court Action
-Statutory Restrictions
-Thinking National Interest
Appendices
A: Framers’ Debate on the War Power
B: Constitutional Allocation of Foreign Affairs and the War Power
C: UN Participation Act of 1945
D: 1949 Amendments to UN Participation Act
E: War Powers Resolution of 1973
Suggested Readings
Index of Cases
Subject Index