Gaspar Perez de Villagra Award

The Diné have been a pastoral people for as long as they can remember; but when livestock reductions in the New Deal era forced many into the labor market, some scholars felt that Navajo culture would inevitably decline. Although they lost a great deal with the waning of their sheep-centered economy, Colleen O'Neill argues that Navajo culture persisted.

“For far too long, Native Americans have been absent from labor history, and labor has been a neglected part of Native American history. O’Neill corrects these deficiencies in her well-written and well-researched book.”

—Pacific Historical Review

“A superb book that challenges historians to examine how indigenous peoples have developed alternative modernities by adapting to capitalism, rather than simply becoming its ‘underdeveloped’ and dependent victims.”

—Journal of Arizona History

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“A penetrating and insightful analysis.”

—American Historical Review

“A landmark study that bridges disciplines and fields to produce a new model for understanding the nexus among Indian, labor, and U.S. economic history.”

—Western Historical Quarterly

“A carefully crafted narrative that joins Indian and labor history to show how Navajos engaged with the modern economy on their own terms. . . . An original, important, and eye-opening story.”

—Sherry L. Smith, author of Reimagining Indians: Native Americans through Anglo Eyes, 1880–1940

“Both readable and challenging, ONeill’s unique study is a major contribution to the emerging body of literature examining intersections among race, culture, and identity.”

—Brian Hosmer, author of American Indians in the Marketplace

“Innovative, creative, meticulous, and a good read at the same time!”

—Sarah Deutsch, author of No Separate Refuge: Culture, Class, and Gender on an Anglo-Hispanic Frontier in the American Southwest, 1880–1940

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O'Neill's book challenges the conventional notion that the introduction of market capitalism necessarily leads to the destruction of native cultural values. She shows instead that contact with new markets provided the Navajos with ways to diversify their household-based survival strategies. Through adapting to new kinds of work, Navajos actually participated in the "reworking of modernity" in their region, weaving an alternate, culturally specific history of capitalist development.

O'Neill chronicles a history of Navajo labor that illuminates how cultural practices and values influenced what it meant to work for wages or to produce commodities for the marketplace. Through accounts of Navajo coal miners, weavers, and those who left the reservation in search of wage work, she explores the tension between making a living the Navajo way and "working elsewhere."

Focusing on the period between the 1930s and the early 1970s—a time when Navajos saw a dramatic transformation of their economy—O'Neill shows that Navajo cultural values were flexible enough to accommodate economic change. She also examines the development of a Navajo working class after 1950, when corporate development of Navajo mineral resources created new sources of wage work and allowed former migrant workers to remain on the reservation.

Focusing on the household rather than the workplace, O'Neill shows how the Navajo home serves as a site of cultural negotiation and a source for affirming identity. Her depiction of weaving particularly demonstrates the role of women as cultural arbitrators, providing mothers with cultural power that kept them at the center of what constituted "Navajo-ness."

Ultimately, Working the Navajo Way offers a new way to think about Navajo history, shows the essential resilience of Navajo lifeways, and argues for a more dynamic understanding of Native American culture overall.