Beginning in the late nineteenth century, thousands of Americans turned to an unexpected pastime that had been theirs to take up all along: the study of nature. Armed with cameras and collecting jars, everyday citizens wandered the country's forests, prairies, and mountains to gain an appreciation of local flora and fauna and to escape the increasingly industrialized world as well.

Kevin Armitage presents the first comprehensive history of the nature study movement, demonstrating its significance to American environmental thought and politics. He shows how nature study, as both a pedagogic and popular idea, has had a lasting effect on American culture and society, and his reevaluation of the movement has much to tell us about the American relationship with the nonhuman world.

“This important and superbly crafted book provides a ground-breaking study of the ‘beautiful theory’ that inspired and animated the nature study movement of the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries, and the ways women and men worked to make it ‘practical’. . . . A major contribution to the work of illuminating and interpreting a neglected chapter in American life that offers many lessons for the present.”

—Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era

“Chronicles an important and historically neglected response to fears about the imposition of modernity in the United States: the nature study movement.”

—Environment and History

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“Valuable to anyone looking at the grassroots of environmental history, while it enlarges historians’ understanding of conservation during its formative years in the Progressive Era.”

—Kansas History

“Armitage thoroughly traces this movement, its philosophical underpinnnings and historical development, and its successes and failures.”

—Choice

“A compelling, well-executed, and significant contribution that should appeal to scholars and teachers in environmental history and those broadly interested in the history of environmental thought and culture.”

—Andrew G. Kirk, author of Counterculture Green: The Whole Earth Catalog and American Environmentalism

“As the only book-length treatment of the nature study movement, Armitage’s well-written and informative book breaks important new ground in environmental history.”

—Ralph Lutts, author of The Nature Fakers: Wildlife, Science, and Sentiment

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Armitage explains that the ways in which nature study advocates tried to reconcile science with spirit were surprising, incomplete, and sometimes contradictory. As Progressive Era Americans embraced scientific modernity, they became increasingly uneasy about the dispassionate character of social and economic life, turning to nature for unmediated experiences that might enhance the joy of living. By examining the complex ways American culture struggled with science and its application to the natural world, Armitage shows how the development of nature study reflected the social dynamics of an emerging industrial society—and exerted a decisive influence on some of the great conservationists of the twentieth century, including Aldo Leopold and Rachel Carson, both of whom were encouraged to study nature at an early age.

Armitage reveals how nature study advocates, notably progressive educators, devoted themselves to inculcating an appreciation of nature among children through direct contact with the natural world. Indeed, by 1907 "Nature Study" had been incorporated into a great many school curricula. He also tells how educators like John Dewey and Booker T. Washington contributed to conservationist thought and includes biographical sketches of some of the major, if often overlooked, nature study conservationists: Anna Botsford Comstock, Ernest Thompson Seton, Mabel Osgood Wright, Gene Stratton Porter, and Liberty Hyde Bailey.

The nature study movement left a rich legacy that has been too long overlooked. Armitage shows that the personal study of nature remains central to modern environmentalism-and that in nature study one finds much that is universal to modern America.